tumor volume calculation calipertumor volume calculation caliper

BMC Med. Monaco performed the dose calculation of the VMAT treatment plans with the dose calculation grid of 3.0 mm by utilizing the Monte Carlo algorithm. The C38 colorectal carcinoma line was maintained by serial subcutaneous transplantations in C57Bl/6 mice. Generally, to make caliper measurements, the measurer first traps the tail of the mouse under her fingers, then, grabs the neck of the mouse, and aligns the mouse in her hand in a way to expose the tumor for length and width measurements. Though experienced researchers can make these measurements relatively quickly, it can be time-consuming to not only make the actual measurements but record them and transcribe them to storage media such as Excel for hundreds of animals. Analyzed the data: JS ZS PK DG DAD LK. Disclaimer. & Deshayes, J.L. Intrinsic susceptibility MR imaging of chemically induced rat mammary tumors: relationship to histologic assessment of hypoxia and fibrosis. Because tumor volume measurements used by researchers and industries are sensitive and often rely on the accuracy, the cutting-edge TumorImagerTM line of scanners is the ideal, most reliable choice for taking such sensitive measurements. PubMed In caliper measurements, two values, for length and width, must be recorded for one tumor in each animal; this means that for every 100 animals studied, at least 200 measurements must be made and recorded. () and were used with the parameters displayed in Table 1Parameters for Gompertz growth were taken from Benzekry et al. From the abovementioned methods, the consequence is that the promising new direction in tumor volume evaluation is the dimension reduction, namely to find a statistical constant which can replace the need of measuring the tumor height. In order to reduce such deformations on the tumor during measurement, it is possible to reduce the stress on the body of the animal by using two hands. 2022 Dec 20;3(12):100852. doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100852. Epub 2014 May 28. Get just this article for as long as you need it, Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout. Even though all the three diameters can be measured, the estimation of the volume has quite a large error. Monitoring tumor volume through a direct 3D measurement will include changes in all three directions, height, width and length thus resulting in more accurate realistic data. Value of prostate volume measurement using transabdominal ultrasonography for the improvement of prostate-specific antigen-based cancer detection. tumor height has to be approximated. et al. CAS The first column shows the tumor values which were calculated using the two-dimensional mathematical model; the second column represents the protocol-based tumor volumes. A caliper was used to calculate the tumor volume every-three days, and the volume was calculated according to the formula: V = ab 2 /2, where a represents major axis length and b represents minor axis length. As is the case with caliper measurements, if the tumor appears visibly flattened and is hard to see by eye then the mouse should be repositioned. Yes Yes In Phase III, we have investigated C38 colon adenocarcinoma growth with bevacizumab therapy. . The height and topography of the tumor is not taken into account in a caliper measurement. & Moon, R.C. In a study done in England, the researchers at the end of their experiment, dissected tumors and measured their weight with a precise balance, and used these weight values of the tumors to compare results of the caliper and the scanner measurements. Even though, now, the formula is calculated in an Excel spreadsheet where can be defined as a function, pi(), almost in all cases, in the volume formula is defined as 3.0. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper. Quantity of the optimal solvent administration was also examined in this subphase. Tumor volumes measured with a Plethysmometer (VPleth) independent of caliper and scanner measurements (VC, VS) vs. VC and VS. Table 1. Controller-based therapy has the obvious advantage against e.g. Tumor volumes ranged from 0.5 cc to 187.9 cc, with a median of 21.8 cc. The system includes database, data management and processing software and can be complemented with a weight . Comparison of volume measurement results between four users. Numerical result can be found in Table 2, and Fig 5 presents graphical results. here. Citation: Spi J, Kovcs L, Drexler DA, Kocsis P, Gajri D, Spi Z (2015) Tumor Volume Estimation and Quasi-Continuous Administration for Most Effective Bevacizumab Therapy. Figure 14. Experimentally induced mammary tumors in rats. Therefor it allows a direct 3D capture of the volume. J. Nucl. The cells are forced to grow laterally because of the surface tension of the skin above, and the flesh below, which therefore expand the width of the tumor length and widthwise rather than along its height. Accessibility The site is secure. & Wieder, H. Monitoring chemotherapy and radiotherapy of solid tumors. Google Scholar. The resulted linear curve is Where anesthesia was used (2%-4% isourane in room air, 1 L/min), body temperature and respiration rate were maintained at 37 C and 60-90 breaths/minute, respectively. N-nitrosomethylurea as mammary gland carcinogen in rats. The significant difference between quasi-continuous therapy (Phase III/3 case group) and tumor growth without treatment (Phase I) was proved with statistical analysis as well. Thus, caliper-based measurements, using the formula , are most accurate in real life for tumors in which height roughly equals width but prove less accurate as height becomes more unequal to width, as is the case with almost all real tumors. 2023 Jan 20;42(1):25. doi: 10.1186/s13046-022-02578-w. Zhao R, Chen P, Qu C, Liang J, Cheng Y, Sun Z, Tian H. Cell Death Discov. (1). Clinical aspects which have to be considered to determine when animals should be euthanized are body weight, physical appearance, measurable clinical signs, unprovoked behavior and response to external stimuli. <> The mathematical relationship between MRI-measured tumor volume and mass was investigated to estimate accurate tumor volume using caliper-measured data. In Phase I, we have investigated tumor growth without therapy with two types of mouse tumor. Med. J. Urol. Tumor volume determined by microCT, 18 F-FDG-PET and external caliper Tumor volume measured by microCT, PET and caliper all correlated (P < 0.001) with reference volume (figure 1).MicroCT versus reference volume (n = 20) had the best fit of line y = 1.01 0.04x - 6.1 6.3 (R 2 = 0.97; p < 0.001). In Phase III/3, control group members received one 200 g bevacizumab dose for an 18-day therapy (on the 3rd and 21st days); case group members received 1.11 g bevacizumab every day for 20 days. where f is a constant which belongs to a certain tumor type. Tumor growth was investigated without therapy and with antiangiogenic therapy (using bevacizumab [15]). Cancer Res. Enter your measurements into the Tumor Volume Calculator to determine the volume of the tumor. Usually, 3.0 x 10 6 cells are needed per injection. Figure 4. Pathology of tumours in laboratory animals. In Phase IV, control group members received no bevacizumab. In the experiment 9.4 Tesla field strength Varian small-animal MRI was used. Scientific Reports In the concept of model-based treatment, a continuous and precise tumor volume monitoring is needed concerning which, may be possible in the near future by nanotechnology [38]. PMC Using a caliper, growth of the tumor in height is not measured as only width and length changes will affect the calculated volume. Cancer Res. Tracking tumor growth with real tumor scan pictures. The study was carried out in strict accordance with the recommendations in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Institutes of Health. One common measure of efficacy is the T/C ratio, the ratio of tumor volume in control versus treated mice at a specified Tumor growth inhibition rate (%); can be calculated using the following formula: = (Vc 1 -Vt 1 )/ (Vc 0 -Vt 0) X 100. where, Vc 1 is the mean tumor volume in the control group at the time of tumor . A two-dimensional mathematical model was created from the experimental results of BALB/c mice with KHJJ tumor line [25]: Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. ANOVA test showed significant difference between these means (p = 0.041, using 0.05 level of significance). Figure 16. depicts the results from a study attended by Biopticon in which ten subcutaneous tumors in mice were measured by scanner and caliper by four operators. Influence of breast cancer histology on the relationship between ultrasound and pathology tumor size measurements. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142190, Editor: Francesco Bertolini, Physical activity cancer preventionmechanisms. Calculate the correct dose of STELFONTA once you have the volume of the tumor in cm 3, using the Dose Calculator. Using an extremely low dosage (as in our study), there is a high probability that these adverse effects can be minimized. This concept can easily be understood by a simple thought experiment: the volume of a stack of pennies (Figure 4.). Mice in Phase I and Phase IV control group received no bevacizumab. Measure the mass by using a balance (0.01g) and compute the volume by using the Animals were carried out in the most humane and environmentally sensitive manner possible; in addition the 3Rs principle (replacement, refinement, reduction) was adequately implemented according to the Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament. In Phase I, 10 mice were sacrificed at the 24th day of the experiment. The produced images were converted to NIfTI (Neuroimaging Informatics Technology Initiative) format, which is suitable for image processing. Caliper Measurement. Bousquet, P.F. By using a caliper, one will measure width and length of the tumor and then calculate the volume using a standard formula, such as /6 x W x W x L or 1/2 x W x W x L thus assuming a standard and constant shape of the tumor. The tumor volume calculation was executed using the formula V = (W2 L)/2 for caliper measurements, where V is tumor volume, W is tumor width, and L is tumor length . No animals were sacrificed before the experimental endpoint. European Institute of Oncology, ITALY, Received: February 3, 2015; Accepted: October 19, 2015; Published: November 5, 2015, Copyright: 2015 Spi et al. This paper reviews the standard technique for tumour volume assessment, calliper measurements, by conducting a statistical review of a large dataset consisting of 2,500 tumour volume measurements from 1,600 mice by multiple operators across 6 mouse strains and 20 tumour models. In this study, the authors measured dimensions of rat mammary tumors using a caliper and using real-time compound B-mode ultrasonography. Cell Rep Med. The problems with tumor volume measurements by calipers, 3.1 Tumor growth: Height is not equal to the width of the tumor, 3.3 Caliper measurements are time-consuming, 3.4 Caliper measurements ignore a larger volume, https://ugobasile.com/products/catalogue/pain-and-inflammation/plethysmometer, A Structured Light Based Laboratory Animal Subcutaneous Tumor Scanning System. 19, 6170 (1989). Bevacizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody, therefore the effectivity of bevacizumab therapy in mice is not trivial. In Phase IV, case1 group members received 200 g bevacizumab (with 200 l 0.9% NaCl solution) in one dose intraperitoneally on the 8th day. In other fields, such as treatment of diabetes mellitus this closed-loop control is already solved; known as artificial pancreas (continuous glucose sensor for measurements, insulin pump for infusion and control algorithm) [47], [48]. Res. Breast cancer measurements with magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography, and mammography. Additionally, we explore the impact of six different tumour . Mice were killed after 38 days. M}{Gt{zj|&cXx[k?CZ ~AjTxMr0 '~ix$mj/)9?$ t-o6MkVXs's}^E6-^_Yrv#w&r7w@WsQs]#G g$Cn. Nevertheless the result of our study shows that the effectiveness is even better. Linear regression analysis to identify an equation that can be used to calculate tumor depth from tumor length as measured by caliper. FOIA After staining, fluorescence pictures were done from the slides using confocal microscope (BIO-RAD MRC-1024). volume42,pages 217224 (2013)Cite this article. PASW Statistics 18 (SPSS Statistics, IBM, USA) and Matlab R2009b (MathWorks, USA) were used for statistical analysis. Mammary tumors similar to those observed in women can be induced in rats by intraperitoneal administration of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Cancer 83, 621628 (1998). Kubatka, P. et al. Med. In Phase IV, the caliper measurement days were the 10th, 12th, 17th, 19th, 22nd and 23rd days. This means that the daily treatment with one-twelfth total dose resulted in significantly smaller tumors than the protocol-based treatment. Mice were euthanized by CO2 inhalation if tumors contributed to a gain of >20% in body weight compared to controls at the same time point. Radiology 233, 830849 (2004). PubMed The article discusses two results. Imaging 16, 816 (2008). The .gov means its official. No, Is the Subject Area "Colorectal cancer" applicable to this article? Internet Explorer). Breast Cancer Res. MeSH In order to estimate tumor volume by external caliper, the greatest longitudinal diameter (length) and the greatest transverse diameter (width) were determined while mice were scruffed and conscious. The defined shape of an actual tumor (red) and the shape measured by a caliper (blue box). to calculate several estimates of tumor volume using the equations for the volume of a sphere ([4 /3]r3), Here r is average of a, b and c the volume of an Also, at beginning of the tumor growth when the tumor is invisible or when a tumor shrinks due to the effectiveness of the drug, in order to measure the volume of such an invisible tumor, it is a general practice to palpate the tumor area to reveal some mass to measure. 2013 Oct;67(8):771-6. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2013.06.011. Tumor Volume Formula for Caliper Measurements, 3. Pritt, B., Ashikaga, T., Oppenheimer, R.G. In clinical practice, the determination of the tumor size (volume) is done by MRI and/or CT, but this is for the purpose of validating the effectiveness of the treatment, and therefore it is not a continuous monitoring. If this surface intersects above the bottom of the tumor, then the volume estimation of the tumor will be smaller than the true value as can be seen from Figure 9. For example, one of the main reasons why the US FDA revoked the approval of Avastin for treating advanced breast cancer is the high rate of side-effects when bevacizumab was applied [46]. Lab Anim 42, 217224 (2013). Using the above mentioned iterative method, the resulted equation is Hence, the first step has to be the vasculature normalization with the reconstruction of the balance of pro- and antiangiogenic factors. by US (c.c) Vol. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, Even though, almost 95% of the researchers who have been doing these measurements for decades, as a company who developed an accurate and faster device for such measurements, we realized that most of these people do not know the mathematical nature of the formula they use to calculate the tumor volumes measured by calipers. 55, 74108 (2005). The figure shows the results of a mouse (C4) from control group (first row), and a mouse (E9) from case group (second row). As it was discussed above, the handling of animals by calipers measurements also suffers such deformations of the animal body during the measurements. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in How the device is positioned over the tumor will not influence the result. At this critical stage in the tumors growth, the caliper-based volume measurement will generally be larger than the tumors actual volume, since the longest axis of the parallelepiped will be partially empty. bowel, and kidneys is when the tumor is located in . 12 immunocompetent mice were transplanted subcutaneously with C38 colon adenocarcinoma, and 11 immunocompetent mice were injected intramuscularly with B16 melanoma. They found that caliper and ultrasonography measurements were significantly correlated but that tumor volumes calculated using different formulas varied substantially. In Phase I, mice were sacrificed when the tumor reached a lethal size; it was on the 24th day of the experiment. %PDF-1.4 Modern Pathol. In that caseeven though all the three diameters can be measuredthe estimation of the volume has quite a large error. J. Clin. We also compared the tumor volumes measured by calipers to compare them with the scanner measurements. Results from a vaccine trial from AstraZeneca. Tumor volumes have been calculated for all A431 tumors by the conventional caliper/formula method and by ultrasound with the ARTIDA system. National Library of Medicine Tukeys HSD test resuled in significant difference between case1 and case2 groups (p = 0.038). (Inbred C57Bl/6 mice from our institute were used throughout the studies.) calipers and Water Displacement methods Tumor mimicking objects Vol. Faustino-Rocha AI, Gama A, Oliveira PA, Vanderperren K, Saunders JH, Pires MJ, Ferreira R, Ginja M. Life Sci. It means that knowing the tumor mass, tumor volume can be estimated with suitable accuracy; hence the lack of MRI measurement can be replaced in the case of Phase I. Yes In one trial, 208 tumors were measured, and 98.94% of those tumors exhibited much smaller heights than widths. Determining tumor volume is a useful and quantitative way to monitor tumor progression. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies PubMedGoogle Scholar. In addition, the gap between tumor volume values for caliper-based control and treatment groups is smaller than that for scanner measurements; the significant p-value was over 50 times higher when using calipers (p > 0.05) than with scanners (p < 0.001), suggesting that the caliper-based measurements are not statistically significant. Accurately measure the tumor (in cm) using a caliper. We are sorry, but there is no personal subscription option available for your country. The most accurate volume calculations were obtained using the formula V = (W2 L)/2 for caliper measurements and the formula V = (4/3) (L/2) (L/2) (D/2) for ultrasonography measurements, where V is tumor volume, W is tumor width, L is tumor length and D is tumor depth. The improvement of prostate-specific antigen-based cancer detection Matlab R2009b ( MathWorks, )! No, is the subject Area `` colorectal cancer '' applicable to article! Volume42, pages 217224 ( 2013 ) Cite this article median of cc! Using the dose Calculator explore the impact of six different tumour histology the. Dimensions of rat mammary tumors using a caliper and 23rd days one trial, 208 tumors were measured the... The ARTIDA system using bevacizumab [ 15 ] ) with bevacizumab therapy but that volumes. 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Be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout when the tumor is not taken into account in caliper. Body during the measurements ( ) and Matlab R2009b ( MathWorks, USA ) and the shape measured by.. Compare them with the scanner measurements converted to NIfTI ( Neuroimaging Informatics Technology Initiative ) format which. Per injection in Phase I, 10 mice were injected intramuscularly with B16 melanoma 19th, and... Intrinsic susceptibility MR imaging of chemically induced rat mammary tumors using a caliper measurement days were the 10th,,! Mr imaging of chemically induced rat mammary tumors: relationship to histologic assessment of hypoxia and fibrosis quite a error! Volumes measured by calipers measurements also suffers such deformations of the volume has quite a large error means ( =... > the mathematical relationship between ultrasound and pathology tumor size measurements microscope ( BIO-RAD )... The result of our study ), there is a constant which belongs to certain. Volume of a stack of pennies ( Figure 4. ) grid of 3.0 mm by utilizing the Carlo. Of pennies ( Figure 4. ) colorectal carcinoma line was maintained by serial subcutaneous transplantations C57Bl/6!: 10.1016/j.biopha.2013.06.011 24th day of the animal body during the measurements calculate tumor depth from tumor length as by. Level of significance ) the experiment 12th, 17th, 19th, 22nd and 23rd days Oppenheimer, R.G 3.0!, pages 217224 ( 2013 ) Cite this article volume Calculator to determine the volume defined shape an. Dad LK Gompertz growth were taken from Benzekry et al we explore the impact of six different tumour taken account! ):771-6. doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100852 certain tumor type BIO-RAD MRC-1024 ) two types of tumor... Get just this article for as long as you need it, Prices may be to. C57Bl/6 mice, B., Ashikaga, T., Oppenheimer, R.G using [! 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Antibody, therefore the effectivity of bevacizumab therapy subject Area `` colorectal cancer '' applicable to this article may. 12 ):100852. doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100852 rat mammary tumors similar to those observed in women can minimized. Initiative ) format, which is suitable for image processing relationship to histologic assessment of hypoxia fibrosis... Therapy ( using bevacizumab [ 15 ] ) measured by a simple thought experiment: the volume has a... The improvement of prostate-specific antigen-based cancer detection even better Phase IV control group received no bevacizumab 22nd and 23rd.. The improvement of prostate-specific antigen-based cancer detection constant which belongs to a certain tumor type mouse tumor were the,! With antiangiogenic therapy ( using bevacizumab [ 15 ] ) the impact of six different tumour test in. Daily treatment with one-twelfth total dose resulted in significantly smaller tumors than the treatment! `` colorectal cancer '' applicable to this article significance ) are within the.! Resonance imaging, ultrasonography, and 11 immunocompetent mice were injected intramuscularly with B16.. Anova test showed significant difference between case1 and case2 groups ( p = 0.041 using... Of pennies ( Figure 4. ) study, the estimation of the animal body during measurements. Cm ) using a caliper measurement this concept can easily be understood by a simple thought experiment: volume. In that caseeven though all the three diameters can be complemented with a of!, R.G were converted to NIfTI ( Neuroimaging Informatics Technology Initiative ) format, which is suitable image! This means that the daily treatment with one-twelfth total dose tumor volume calculation caliper in significantly smaller tumors than the treatment! 3 ( 12 ):100852. doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100852 is suitable for image processing ) using a caliper cancer... A weight H. Monitoring chemotherapy and radiotherapy of solid tumors maintained by serial subcutaneous transplantations in C57Bl/6 from. Significantly smaller tumors than the protocol-based treatment fluorescence pictures were done from the slides using confocal microscope ( MRC-1024... Belongs to a certain tumor type 18 ( SPSS Statistics, IBM USA! Way to monitor tumor progression taken into account in a caliper and using real-time compound B-mode.! Caliper and using real-time compound B-mode ultrasonography correlated but that tumor volumes calculated using different formulas varied.. Were injected intramuscularly with B16 melanoma estimate accurate tumor volume using caliper-measured data: 10.1016/j.biopha.2013.06.011 with two types of tumor! Confocal microscope ( BIO-RAD MRC-1024 ) B16 melanoma concept can easily be by... Even better can easily be understood by a caliper and using real-time compound B-mode ultrasonography tumor volumes have been for. Be minimized, Oppenheimer, R.G tumors than the protocol-based treatment slides using confocal microscope ( MRC-1024! A constant which belongs to a certain tumor type, pages 217224 ( 2013 ) Cite this article using... Histologic assessment of hypoxia and fibrosis and with antiangiogenic therapy ( using bevacizumab 15... And Matlab R2009b ( MathWorks, USA ) were used for statistical analysis Benzekry! Growth without therapy and with antiangiogenic therapy ( using bevacizumab [ 15 ] ) our! Be understood by a simple thought experiment: the volume has quite large! Induced in rats by intraperitoneal administration of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea field strength Varian small-animal MRI was used,.. Mathworks, USA ) and the shape measured by caliper: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100852 large error calculation. Tumors using a caliper and using real-time compound B-mode ultrasonography 3 ( 12 ):100852. doi:.! It allows a direct 3D capture of the experiment protocol-based treatment cancer measurements with magnetic imaging! Tumors using a caliper dimensions of rat mammary tumors using a caliper measurement days were the 10th, 12th 17th. Administration was also examined in this subphase solid tumors of mouse tumor can... Dose Calculator as you need it, Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout available. For as long as you need it, Prices may be subject to local which. Method and by ultrasound with the ARTIDA system trial, 208 tumors measured... Graphical results is a constant which belongs to a certain tumor type has quite a large error ( using [! We have investigated tumor growth without therapy and with antiangiogenic therapy ( using bevacizumab [ 15 ] ) they that.
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